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Thésaurus IAMM > CLIMAT > CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE
CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUESynonyme(s)Changement du climatVoir aussi |
Documents disponibles dans cette catégorie (672)
Article
Climate change is one of the most significant challenges worldwide. There is strong evidence from research that climate change will impact several food chain-related elements such as agricultural output, incomes, prices, food access, food qualit[...]Article
L. Villani ; G. Castelli ; E.A. Yimer ; A. Nkwasa ; D. Penna ; A. Van Griensven ; E. Bresci |CONTEXT Climate change's profound implications for Mediterranean agriculture underscores the urgency of adaptation strategies. These strategies, whether incentivized or farmer-driven, are pivotal in mitigating crop yield losses and harnessing ev[...]Article
Socioeconomic and climate change are both essential factors affecting the global cultivation distributions of crops. However, the role of socioeconomic factors in the prediction of future crop cultivation distribution under climate change has be[...]Article
N. Rogy ; A. Pastor ; A. Sferratore ; N. Géhéniau ; A. Hélias ; E. Loiseau |To cope with climate change, agricultural territories are forced to implement adaptation strategies, including the implementation of irrigation infrastructures. These strategies are deployed over a long term, and their environmental performance [...]Article
V. Ongoma ; F. Driouech ; Y. Brouziyne ; T. Chfadi ; T. Epule Epule ; M. Tanarhte ; A. Chehbouni |There are calls for effective measures to address climate change challenges for socio-economic development. This is a critical review to take stock of the impacts of climate change, and some gains made by Morocco in adapting to and mitigating cl[...]Article
U. KC ; H. Campbell-Ross ; C. Godde ; R. Friedman ; L. Lim-Camacho ; S. Crimp |Global food systems are vulnerable to disruptions caused by natural disasters, political crises, and health emergencies. Recent events like the COVID19 pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine crisis have exposed weaknesses in food systems, leading to hu[...]Article
R. Calone ; A. Fiore ; G. Pellis ; M.L. Cayuela ; G. Mongiano ; A. Lagomarsino ; S. Bregaglio |This study introduces a trade-off evaluation system, the Σommit index, which considers four components: crop yield, soil carbon stock changes, direct and indirect nitrous oxide emissions, and nitrate-nitrogen leaching across alternative agr[...]Article
Y.M. Youssef ; K.S. Gemail ; H.M. Atia ; M. Mahdy |The destabilization of delta's worldwide due to climate change and human activities presents challenges in meeting the growing demands for freshwater and food. The Nile Delta in Egypt is a prime example of a vulnerable region facing various stre[...]Article
In the 21st century, agriculture is facing numerous challenges [...]Article
Agrobiodiversity is often touted as a crucial adaptation strategy to mitigate risks linked to climate change by increasing the response capability of a system to external shocks and, consequently, the smallholder's resilience. This scoping revie[...]Article
Sustainable management of food systems is not possible without considering the entirety of the supply chain. The limitation of water and energy resources, the pressure of population growth, climate change and numerous environmental challenges ha[...]Article
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This article aims to investigate the complex relationship between a local population and its natural and urban environment. The study area, which was previously dominated by cereal cultivation, is currently facing profitability challenges due to[...]Article
La situation des agriculteurs est inconfortable. Ils doivent anticiper les changements, notamment climatiques, sans pour autant avoir de solutions appropriées et pérennes.E-Book
H.S. Jatav ; V.D. Rajput ; T. Minkina ; E.D. van Hullebusch ; A. Dutta | Singapour [Singapour] : Springer | Sustainable Development and Biodiversity | 2024This edited book brings out comprehensive insights on agro-forestry systems to cope up climate change globally. The main essence of this book is to unfurl the positive sides of agri-silvipastoral system to reduce greenhouse gases (GHGs) and temp[...]Article
Climate change not only affects weather conditions, patterns, and the frequency and severity of extreme weather events but also changes the structure of government spending. Agriculture is an important sector of the European Union (EU). However,[...]Article
Climate change has many negative effects on the viticulture sector, as it does in all sectors. In recent years, global climate change has also shown its effect in the form of sudden climatic events. There is an urgent need to develop preventive/[...]Article
B. Latrech ; T. Hermassi ; S. Yacoubi ; A. Slatni ; F. Jarray ; L. Pouget ; M.A. Ben Abdallah |Systematic biases in general circulation models (GCM) and regional climate models (RCM) impede their direct use in climate change impact research. Hence, the bias correction of GCM-RCMs outputs is a primary step in such studies. This study compa[...]Article
Food security has become a concerning issue because of global climate change and increasing populations. Agricultural production is considered one of the key factors that affects food security. The changing climate has negatively affected agricu[...]Article
This paper proposes how drought management may be more sustainable in the Mediterranean region in order to face climate change. This paper collects information on the extraordinary efforts to manage drought in the region, highlighting how polici[...]E-Book
S. Krishnan, ed. ; A.J. Anand, ed. ; N. Prasanth, ed. ; S. Goundar, ed. ; C. Ananth, ed. | Boca Raton [États-Unis] : CRC Press | 2024Predictive Analysis in Smart Agricultureexplores computational engineering techniques and applications in agriculture development. Recent technologies such as cloud computing, IoT, big data, and machine learning are focused on for smart agricult[...]E-Book
Le changement climatique a de nombreux effets sur la vigne, dont un développement plus précoce conduisant éventuellement à une plus grande vulnérabilité aux gelées de printemps et à une avancée certaine de la période de maturation des raisins. [...]Article
Sustainability and resilience against climate change provided by a territorial crop-livestock system
The development of territorial crop-livestock systems where exchanges between crops and livestock farms are managed in a synergistic way is seen as an opportunity to increase the sustainability and resilience of specialized agricultural systems [...]Article
Improving soil health and resilience is fundamental for sustainable food production, however the role of soil in maintaining or improving global crop productivity under climate warming is not well identified and quantified. Here, we examined the[...]Article
A. Dolinska ; E. Hassenforder ; A.M. Loboguerrero ; B. Sultan ; J. Bossuet ; J. Cottenceau ; M. Bonatti ; J. Hellin ; I. Mekki ; A. Drogoul ; V. Vadez |CONTEXT To contribute to building sustainable and effective climate change adaptation solutions avoiding usability gap, it is largely recommended to engage in the process of co-production, integrating expertise and knowledge from various academi[...]Article
Les pays dAfrique du Nord et du Moyen-Orient sont confrontés à de très fortes inégalités socio-économiques et à des crises environnementales qui mettent en péril leur développement. Les populations les plus vulnérables sont les plus exposées à [...]Article
Climate change is expected to affect the agricultural sector in ways that are often unclear to predict. If in the short- and medium-terms farmers may adapt to climate change by adjusting their agricultural practices, in the long-term, these adju[...]Article
J. Worley ; D. Läpple ; F. Bartolini ; S. Gaiani ; G. Winkler |Food systems are responsible for about one third of global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions (Crippa et al., 2021), and the need to reduce these emissions is urgent. We developed a transformation framework outlining how climate change mitigation ca[...]Article
Dans les rapports du Giec, les émissions de gaz à effet de serre et lempreinte carbone de lagriculture sont surestimées en raison da priori méthodologiques et de conventions statistiques.Article
Agriculture is a vulnerable sector to climate change due to its sensitivity to weather conditions. Changes in climatic parameters such as temperature and precipitation significantly affect productivity as well as the consumption of natural resou[...]Article
This editorial paper takes the form of a concise report and delves into a critical and intricate issue essential for the sustainability of agriculture. It centers on the intricate relationship between agri-cultural water resource management and [...]Article
S. Vermeulen ; Jan Cools ; J. Staes ; S. Van Passel |Due to climate change, the frequency and intensity of droughts are expected to increase. To improve resilience to droughts, proactive drought management is essential. Economic assessments are typically included to decide on the drought risk-redu[...]Article
N. Hidalgo-Triana ; A. Solakis ; F. Casimiro-Soriguer ; H. Choe ; T. Navarro ; A.V. Pérez-Latorre ; J.H. Thorne |Understanding the effects of climate change is one of the most challenging goals for biodiversity conservation. The forests of Andalusia, in Southern Spain, are part of an important Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot. However, great change[...]Article
R. Belmin ; M. Paulin ; E. Malézieux |Climate change is increasingly affecting agriculture worldwide, causing yield losses and undermining food security. Behind the international consensus on the urgent need for ambitious policies to adapt agriculture to climate change (AACC) hides [...]Article
This article discusses how climate changes are intersecting with other environmental and social pressures to affect farmers in the Lombardy region of the central Italian Alps. Alpine areas are particularly susceptible to climate change. Natural [...]Article
Le delta du Rhône, comme tous les deltas du monde, est sur la ligne de front des changements climatiques. À la suite de son endiguement consécutif à des inondations majeures à la fin de XIXe siècle, cette vaste plaine deltaïque a été le siège d[...]Article
E.A. Dumitru ; R.L. Berevoianu ; V.C. Tudor ; F.-R. Teodorescu ; D. Stoica ; A. Giuca ; D. Ilie ; C.M. Sterie |Agriculture is a fundamental aspect of our society, providing food and resources for a growing population. However, climate change is putting this sector at risk through rising temperatures, changing rainfall patterns and an increase in the freq[...]Article
The role of the agrifood industry is key to mitigating the impact of climate change, as it is one of the industrial sectors with the highest energy consumption. The optimisation of photovoltaic systems in agroindustries faces problems such as th[...]Article
Climate change poses a major sustainability challenge, with potential far-reaching economic and social impacts, including fluctuations in agricultural yields and subsequent volatility in the availability and prices of essential food resources. I[...]Article
Climate change and trade are closely related. Climate may alter the comparative advantages across countries, which may in turn trigger changes in trade patterns. Trade itself may constitute an adaptation strategy, moving excesses of agri-food su[...]Article
La réponse au besoin en eau de lagriculture devient un enjeu crucial face au changement climatique et à lobjectif de souveraineté alimentaire. Avec des ressources en eau et une disponibilité de plus en restreinte en été sur les territoires en[...]Article
P.D. Wagner ; S. Kumar ; N. Fohrer |There is a common scientific understanding that global change impact analysis, mitigation, and adaptation require interdisciplinary work. Integrated modeling could help to address the challenges associated with the impacts of global change. Part[...]Article
J. Rieger ; F. Freund ; F. Offermann ; I. Geibel ; A. Gocht |The implications of dietary changes for the environment and for human health are well documented, but the impacts on the agricultural sector are less well researched. We fill this gap by specifying scenarios in which European consumers' diets ap[...]Article
V. Vadez ; R. Pilloni ; A. Grondin ; A. Hajjarpoor ; H. Belhouchette ; Y. Brouziyne ; G. Chehbouni ; M.H. Kharrou ; R. Zitouna-Chebbi ; I. Mekki ; J. Molénat ; F. Jacob ; J. Bossuet |Water scarcity will be one of the main issues of the 21 st century, because of competing needs between civil, industrial, and agriculture use. While agriculture is the largest user of water, its share is bound to decrease as societies develop. C[...]Article
K.M. Dittmer ; S. Rose ; S.S. Snapp ; Y. Kebede ; S. Brickman ; S. Shelton ; C. Egler ; M. Stier ; E. Wollenberg |A critical question is whether agroecology can promote climate change mitigation and adaptation outcomes without compromising food security. We assessed the outcomes of smallholder agricultural systems and practices in low- and middle-income cou[...]Article
In recent years, the adverse effect of climate change on soil properties in the agricultural sector has become a dreadful reality worldwide. Climate change-induced abiotic stresses such as salinity, drought and temperature fluctuations are devas[...]Article
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T. Berchoux ; C.W. Hutton ; O. Hensengerth ; H.E. Voepel ; V.P.D. Tri ; P.T. Vu ; N. Hung ; D. Parsons ; S.E. Darby |The Mekong Delta faces significant challenges in supplying Vietnam and its export market countries with agricultural commodities, while ensuring livelihoods and providing living space to its growing population in the context of climate change an[...]Article
Exuberant expectations about what EU agriculture can and should deliver in policy areas beyond its scope often contrast sharply with both farm realities and contradictions in the behaviour of individuals as citizens and consumers. This has polar[...]Article
Produire davantage avec des ressources rares dans le cadre contexte du réchauffement climatique dont lhomme nest pas le seul responsable : voici le défi de lavenir.Article
The economic effects of global warming have gained considerable attention in the recent economic literature. While the relationship between rainfall and agriculture is well known, precipitations alone do not capture the soil water availability, [...]Article
Article
La Méditerranée na pas lattention stratégique quelle mérite. Or, les enjeux agricoles, alimentaires et environnementaux sy intensifient. Où se situent les leviers pour combattre cette dégradation continue ?Article
I. Viveros Santos ; C. Renaud-Gentié ; P. Roux ; A. Levasseur ; C. Bulle ; L. Deschênes ; A.-M. Boulay |Viticulture needs to satisfy consumers' demands for environmentally sound grape and wine production while envisaging adaptation options to diminish the impacts of projected climate change on future productivity. However, the impact of climate ch[...]Article
Climate change and agriculture are inextricably linked and influence one another. Many studies have been conducted on the topic, but none have focused on developing and developed countries. This study aims to investigate the relationship between[...]Article
Egypt is one of the countries expected to suffer from climate change in the next 50 years. This study analyses the impacts of climate change on food security dimensions in Egypt during the period 20222070 by using statistical analysis methods ([...]Article
CONTEXT The Mediterranean basin and specifically Northeast Italy are recognised as climate change hotspots. The latter is a key socio-economic area in Europe among the most agriculturally productive. However, increasingly frequent drought period[...]Article
D. Paudel ; R.C. Neupane ; S. Sigdel ; P. Poudel ; A.R. Khanal |Global food security is a worldwide concern. Food insecurity is a significant threat to poverty and hunger eradication goals. Agriculture is one of the focal points in the global policy agenda. Increases in agricultural productivity through the [...]Article
D. Pulido-Velazquez ; L. Baena-Ruiz ; B. Mayor ; P. Zorrilla-Miras ; E. López-Gunn ; J. de Dios Gómez-Gómez ; Á. de la Hera-Portillo ; A.-J. Collados-Lara ; M.M. Moreno ; J.L.G. Aróstegui ; F.J. Alcalá |Designing sustainable management strategies in groundwater-dependent socio-economic systems in areas with scarce water resources and protected wetlands is a challenging issue. The high vulnerability of these systems to droughts will be exacerbat[...]Article
S. De Leo ; A. Di Fonzo ; S. Giuca ; M. Gaito ; G. Bonati |The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the economic convenience of adopting adaptation measures to climate change at farm level. Concerns raised about climate risks on agriculture indicate that adaptation of the agricultural se[...]Article
A. Elbeltagi ; A. Srivastava ; A.H. Al-Saeedi ; A. Raza ; I. Abd-Elaty ; M. El-Rawy |The estimation of reference evapotranspiration (ETo), a crucial step in the hydrologic cycle, is essential for system design and management, including the balancing, planning, and scheduling of agricultural water supply and water resources. When[...]Article
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The progressive climate change has an impact on the quantity and quality of grapes. Among meteorological parameters, air temperature is believed to have a direct influence on grape yield and composition, as well as on the organoleptic characteri[...]Article
N. Jdaidi ; H. Selmi ; F. Aloui ; S. Jedidi ; A. Chaabane |Les espèces végétales médicinales au nord ouest tunisien sont soumises aux pressions anthropiques et aux contraintes des conditions naturelles. Ces dernières saccentueront dans le contexte des changements climatiques. Lobjectif de ce travail c[...]Article
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Even an approximate estimate of the amount of investment required globally to reconfigure food systems for resilience and sustainability in the face of climate change could help to catalyse the urgent action that is needed. A report published in[...]Article
The objective of this paper is to examine the resilience of households to food insecurity and to identify the determinants of this resilience in two study areas: Kairouan and Zaghouan. The study relied on a cross-sectional database collected fro[...]Article
The role of digital agriculture in mitigating climate change and ensuring food security: an overview
Digital agriculture involving different tools and management practices has advanced considerably in recent years, intending to overcome climate risk and reduce food insecurity. Climate change and its impacts on agricultural production and food s[...]Article
Global climate change has posed serious threats to agricultural production. Reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and ensuring food security are considered the greatest challenges in this century. Climate-smart agriculture (CSA) is a concept t[...]Article
South Italy is characterised by a semi-arid climate with scarce rain and high evaporative demand. Since climate change could worsen this condition, the need to optimise water resources in this area is crucial. In citrus cultivation, which involv[...]Article
C. Zagaria ; C.J.E. Schulp ; Z. Malek ; P.H. Verburg |CONTEXT The Mediterranean Basin has been identified as a climate change 'hotspot', a region where increased warming and drying are expected to occur at rates faster than the global average. Increasing scientific attention has therefore been draw[...]Article
CONTEXT Both long-term climate trend and interannual climate variability are projected to affect agricultural activities. Actually, major changes in climate patterns have already occurred, affecting crop yields and livestock productivity. OBJECT[...]Série
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FER (Madrid, Espagne) | Madrid [Espagne] : UPA. Union de Pequenos Agricultores y Ganaderos | Agricultura Familiar en Espana: Anuario, ISSN 1887-9292 | 202330 años de Agricultura Familiar En 1994, UPA comenzó la aventura de publicar un Anuario de la Agricultura Familiar. El objetivo era sencillo, aunque ambicioso: recoger en una obra de carácter anual los principales datos, ideas y propuestas de e[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Les modifications attendues de la fréquence, de lintensité voire de la saisonnalité des aléas climatiques font peser une menace à court terme sur la viabilité des systèmes agricoles déjà mis en difficultés dans un contexte de changement climati[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
L. Maalouf | 2023Agriculture and climate change are two aspects working in coordination. This study focuses on the climate change issues faced in Morocco which is the main topic of the NATAE project. This internship emphasizes on Morocco being one of the North-A[...]Article
Climate change is a challenging fact influencing diverse sectors in society including the agricultural one, which is heavily dependent on natural resources and climate. In the Mediterranean region, climate change-related increases in air tempera[...]Ouvrage
C. Demonsant ; A. Hatchuel, dir. ; K. Levillain, dir. ; B. Segrestin, dir. ; O. Jacquin, préf. ; P. Demurger, postf. | Paris [France] : Presses des Mines | Economie et Gestion | 2023La lutte contre le changement climatique est menacée de paralysie. Ni les Etats, ni les institutions internationales, ne sont parvenus à établir des principes de justice, clairement partagés, au nom desquels répartir équitablement les efforts né[...]Article
B. Faye ; H. Webber ; T. Gaiser ; C. Muller ; Y. Zhang ; T. Stella ; C. Latka ; M. Reckling ; T. Heckelei ; K. Helming ; F. Ewert |Most large scale studies assessing climate change impacts on crops are performed with simulations of single crops and with annual re-initialization of the initial soil conditions. This is in contrast to the reality that crops are grown in rotati[...]Article
S. Selbonne ; L. Guindé ; F. Causeret ; T. Bajazet ; L. Desfontaines ; M. Duval ; J. Sierra ; F. Solvar ; R. Tournebize ; J.-M. Blazy |Developing climate-smart agriculture is an urgent necessity to ensure the food security of a growing global population, to improve the adaptation of agricultural systems to climatic hazards, and to reach a negative carbon balance. Different appr[...]Article
A. Farooq ; N. Farooq ; H. Akbar ; Z.U. Hassan ; S.H. Gheewala |Food security can be under threat due to climate change, which has the potential to alter crop yield. Wheat, maize, and rice are major crops contributing to global food security. The impact of climate change on crop yield with different models a[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
M. Requier-Desjardins, dir. ; T. Berchoux, dir. ; A. Cobacho, dir. ; R. Abdelouahad ; A. Bilel ; L. Announ ; C. Ben-Aicha ; S. Ben Hamed ; R. Ben-Moussa ; A. Ben-Salem ; A. El Maaqili ; F. Gheboub ; S. Grosse ; K. Hammadi ; S. Jourani ; R. Mehdaoui ; S. Nadif ; E. Ndjie ; J. Oger ; J. Panegos | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | Analyse Diagnostic d'une Zone Rurale | 2023Article
More frequent and punctuated severe events such as dry spells are among the more salient manifestations of climate change. Because dry spells often co-occur both with heat waves and with longer-term agricultural drought and their effects may int[...]Communication à un Congrès (avec Actes)
N.-E. Fatahi ; H. Belhouchette ; T. Pinto Correia ; J.T. Marques | Évora [Portugal] : Universidade de Évora | 2023Ecosystems worldwide face threats from unprecedented climate change, which is altering their functioning and sustainability. The Montado, a traditional agro-silvopastoral system in southern Portugal within the Mediterranean area, is also experie[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
A.D. Al Karsifi | 2023Ce mémoire se plonge dans les outils de planification territoriale visant à atteindre le concept de la neutralité carbone, et à lutter contre le changement climatique. Cette étude se concentre spécifiquement sur le PCAET pour la période 2019-202[...]Article
This study explores the adaptation strategies to water shortage at the farm level in the Tunisian semi-arid region and investigates factors determining the farmers' behavior. In this area, climate change exacerbates the scarcity of water resourc[...]Ouvrage
Les tensions écologiques, ses répercussions de plus en plus visibles et les dangers qu'elles font peser sur les écosystèmes mondiaux, imposent des réponses politiques, y compris aux segments les plus polluants du capital. Ils tentent en effet de[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
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Turkey is increasingly concerned about the effects of climate change, weather unpredictability, and severe events on agricultural production, food loss, and livelihoods. Turkey has long struggled against climate variability and catastrophic clim[...]Article
This study aims to investigate the impact of climate change on agricultural production and incomes in 25 river basins of Turkey, with a focus on water availability assessment using a volumetric water footprint approach under two-greenhouse gas c[...]Article
T.P. Costa ; T.P. Costa ; J. Gillespie ; K. Pelc ; A. Adefisan ; M. Adefisan ; R. Ramanathan ; F. Murphy |Food is at the centre of efforts to combat climate change, reduce water stress, pollution, and conserve the world's wildlife. Assessing the environmental performance of food companies is essential to provide a comprehensive view of the productio[...]E-Book
A. Ickowicz, coord. ; C.H. Moulin, coord. | Versailles [France] : Editions Quae | Matière à Débattre et Décider | 2023Family-run ruminant grazing systems in the Mediterranean and tropical areas contribute directly to eight of the seventeen Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the United Nations 2030 Agenda. For a long time, these livestock systems have been [...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Climate change poses significant challenges to agricultural systems, impacting crop production and necessitating innovative risk management strategies. This study explores the impact of climate change on maize production in South Africa within t[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Le stress hydrique constitue lun des facteurs les plus menaçant pour le secteur agricole. Ladaptation à cette situation critique est devenue une question cruciale. La betterave à sucre fait partie des cultures dont le rendement a été impacté p[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
L'introduction de nouvelles cultures dans une région nécessite une évaluation précise de leurs besoins, en particulier en matière d'irrigation. Cependant, les méthodes actuelles de gestion de l'eau d'irrigation reposent souvent sur des observati[...]E-Book
C. Béné, ed. ; S. Devereux, ed. | Cham [Suisse] : Palgrave Macmillan | Palgrave Studies in Agricultural Economics and Food Policy | 2023This open access book compiles a series of chapters written by internationally recognized experts known for their in-depth but critical views on questions of resilience and food security. The book assesses rigorously and critically the contribut[...]Ouvrage
Sustainable Agriculture and the Environment describes the relationship of agriculture, society, nature and the environment, sustainable agriculture and sustainable development goals, management of biophysical resources for sustainable food and e[...]E-Book
Inondations, canicules, incendies et autres événements climatiques extrêmes sont au cur de lactualité. Leur fréquence, leur durée et leur intensité saccélèrent en raison du changement climatique. En première ligne, les collectivités territori[...]Ouvrage
R. Bentirou Mathlouthi, dir. ; A. Pomade, dir. ; S. Becerra, préf. | Paris [France] : L'Harmattan | Environnement | 2023L'expression « Vulnérabilité(s) environnementale(s) » renvoie à plusieurs situations de fragilité, de résilience et de précarité du vivant humain et du vivant non-humain, de l'individuel au collectif. Face à cette notion à géométrie variable, un[...]Article
The agricultural sector is facing the challenge of climate change, which is increasing difficulties to the activity and the economic sustainability of the primary sector, also affecting farmers revenues. There is a growing need to support polic[...]