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AGRICULTURE BIOLOGIQUEVoir aussi |
Documents disponibles dans cette catégorie (334)
Article
G. Sacchi ; L. Romanello ; M. Canavari |Third-party certification (TPC) is the standard approach to quality assurance for organic production, but its administrative burden and cost make it difficult for smallholders to access it. Internal Control Systems (ICS) and Participatory Guaran[...]Article
This paper compares the performance of conventional and organic fruit farms in Spain, using a set of base indicators to assess their economic and environmental performance on a per hectare basis. Composite indicators are also calculated to measu[...]Article
Olive farming has vastly intensified across the Mediterranean basin recently. This ongoing process has detrimental social and environmental outcomes, but it also represents a unique opportunity to study the impacts of intensification and identif[...]Article
Organic agriculture is a sustainable form of farming that can protect the environment. However, the high production costs of organic agriculture deter farmers from switching to organic farming. To support the development of organic agriculture, [...]Article
This study comprehensively analyzed the dynamic landscape of organic farming in the European Union (EU) from 2004 to 2021, investigating the shifts in dedicated agricultural areas influenced by evolving preferences and the priorities of farmers [...]Article
Organic farming, which is deeply rooted in traditional agricultural practices, has witnessed a profound evolution over the last century. Transitioning from a grassroots initiative resisting the industrialization of agriculture to a global indust[...]Article
Numerous studies have emphasized the necessity for major transitions in agriculture. Organic farming is presented as a way to limit the environmental impact of agriculture and produce healthier food. While studies often compare the performance o[...]Ouvrage
S. Lamine ; P.K. Srivastava ; A. Kayad ; F. Muñoz-Arriola ; P.C. Pandey | Oxford [Royaume-Uni] : Academic Press | Earth Observation Series | 2024Remote Sensing in Precision Agriculture: Transforming Scientific Advancement into Innovation compiles the latest applications of remote sensing in agriculture using spaceborne, airborne and drones geospatial data. The book presents case studies[...]Article
A. Mancini ; F. Solfanelli ; L. Coviello ; F.M. Martini ; S. Mandolesi ; R. Zanoli |Yield prediction is a crucial activity in scheduling agronomic operations and in informing the management and financial decisions of a wide range of stakeholders of the organic durum wheat supply chain. This research aims to develop a yield fore[...]Article
The European Green Deal sets a target of at least 25% of the total EU agricultural land under organic farming by 2030. In the case of the Spanish olive sector, organic olive farming accounts for barely 10% of the national agricultural area dedic[...]Article
To ensure regular and high yields, current agriculture is based on intensive use of pesticides and fertilizers, which are detrimental to the environment and human health. Moreover, as pest resistance to pesticides increases, and more and more pe[...]Article
Olive groves are an important element of the Mediterranean landscape and heritage and contribute significantly to the areas rural economies. The primary interest of researchers and policymakers lies in the economic performance of this activity,[...]Article
This study aims to foresee the future of organic farming in the smallholder agricultural systems of the Valencian Region (Spain), as well as to identify how different drivers of change may affect such a future. To do so, two qualitative methodol[...]Article
O. Parra Rivero ; A. Ojeda Roldan ; R. González Álvarez-Ossorio ; C. Staboulis ; D. Natos ; K. Mattas ; W. Bojar ; R. Kusmierek-Tomaszewska ; P. Baranowski ; J. Krzyszczak |During the last decade, Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) has prioritised measures focused on sustainability and quality over production. The purpose of the AGRICORE project is to develop a tool based on agent-based modelling to assist policymake[...]Article
R.A. Wittwer ; V.H. Klaus ; E. Miranda Oliveira ; Q. Sun ; Y. Liu ; A.K. Gilgen ; N. Buchmann ; M.G.A. van der Heijden |CONTEXT: Climate change increasingly threatens food security, particularly through prolonged phases of drought. It is therefore important to evaluate and develop arable cropping systems with an enhanced capability to withstand severe drought eve[...]Article
Context Organic farming is a fast-growing system considered a holistic approach that benefits the environment. However, previous studies have reported varying results on its productivity when compared to conventional farming systems. Moreover, t[...]Article
The abandonment of agricultural activity has multiple negative economic, environmental and social impacts in rural areas. As a consequence of different socioeconomic, political, environmental and technical drivers, this phenomenon shows an incre[...]Article
Le marché des produits de lagriculture biologique avait le vent en poupe. Or, depuis 2021, la filière observe une croissance atone au mieux, au pire une décélération affirmée et préoccupante pour son avenir.Article
Article
P. Mérel ; Z. Qin ; R.J. Sexton |Public policies increasingly support the expansion of organic agriculture as part of a menu of food and environmental initiatives. A little-studied yet crucial element of such expansion, especially in light of scientific evidence on lower yields[...]Article
D. Plénet ; J. Borg ; C. Hilaire ; P. Blanc ; C. Bussi ; M. Codini ; S. Drusch ; V. Gallia ; M.-L. Greil ; E. Hostalnou ; B. Labeyrie ; V. Mercier ; M. Millan ; Y. Montrognon ; D. Monty ; C. Mouiren ; J. Ruesch ; G. Vercambre |A significant reduction in chemical pesticide use is strongly recommended in fruit production systems to reduce environmental and consumer health risks. Our objectives were to assess the consequences of pesticide reduction use on peach orchards[...]Article
This article focuses on the emergence and implementation of a specific policy option in a national plan aiming to reduce pesticide consumption: the substitution of biological substances for chemicals. I argue that substitution is a singular meth[...]Article
R.L. Pânzaru ; R.L. Pânzaru ; D. Firoiu ; G.H. Ionescu ; A. Ciobanu ; D.M. Medelete ; R. Pîrvu |Organic agriculture is considered an important component of sustainable development because it promotes environmental sustainability and social responsibility, involving the use of practices that minimize the negative impact of agriculture on th[...]Article
A. Michalke ; S. Köhler ; L. Messmann ; A. Thorenz ; A. Tuma ; T. Gaugler |Agriculture is one of the world's biggest polluters. Consumers are misled towards demand of unsustainable and inadequately priced food products by an insufficient internalization of externalities. Shifting demand towards more sustainable dietary[...]Article
M. Lambotte ; S. De Cara ; C. Brocas ; V. Bellassen |There is a lack of clear empirical evidence towards the lower carbon footprint of organic food products, in particular in the dairy sector. Until now, small sample sizes, lack of properly defined counterfactual and the omission of land-use relat[...]Article
G. Leduc ; L. Billaudet ; E. Engström ; H. Hansson ; M. Ryan |Values act as driving forces for individuals to behave in a certain way or to choose certain actions. They may explain current differences of converted organic land among EU countries. In this paper, we identified and compared the types of value[...]Article
Over the last 50 years, global agricultural food production has become increasingly dependent on the use of non-renewable and/or scarce resources, and, in particular, fossil fuel (e [...]Article
Série
Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Ce travail vise à caractériser lévolution du marché du blé tendre biologique (production, utilisation, échanges) dans un contexte en mouvement (Covid, changement climatique, fraudes) dans lUnion Européenne avec un éclairage sur la situation et[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Le conseil agricole fait référence aux échanges entre les agriculteurs et les conseillers agricoles sur litinéraire technique de la production, la gestion des données des exploitations agricoles et lamélioration des performances techniques de [...]Article
The global food system is a major contributor to climate change with 2342% of total greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Thus, the transition to sustainable food systems and dietary patterns represents a big challenge and a key solution to feed a fa[...]Article
V. Vaglia ; J. Bacenetti ; F. Orlando ; S. Alali ; E. Bosso ; S. Bocchi |Rice cultivation has a key role in food security worldwide; on the other hand, it has a high potential impact on the environment and human health, mainly due to the extensive pesticides use and greenhouse gas emissions caused by flooded cultivat[...]Article
Research on organic consumers preferences has been given a lot of attention in the past, analysing in detail the motives of organic food consumption across the World. Less attention has been paid to the expectations of consumers change in the c[...]Article
C. Franceschinis ; R Scarpa ; L. Rossetto ; M. Thiene |We investigate consumers preferences towards local and organic food via a framed field experiment involving revealed multiple discretecontinuous choices. Participants were endowed with a cash amount as a budget to purchase any desired quantity[...]Article
N. Ostandie ; B. Giffard ; P. Tolle ; A.A. Ugaglia ; D. Thiéry ; A. Rusch |CONTEXT Assessing the multifunctionality of agroecosystems is crucial to design more sustainable farming systems. While it is known that organic farming benefits biodiversity and ecosystem services, how organic farming affects their multifunctio[...]Article
G. Vinci ; S.A. Prencipe ; A. Abbafati ; M. Filippi |Growing awareness of environmental sustainability in the agri-food sector has enhanced the gradual shift toward less-impactful food and organic production systems. In 2021, nearly three million hectolitres of organic wine were produced which acc[...]Article
L. Verdi ; A. Dalla Marta ; F. Falconi ; S. Orlandini ; M. Mancini |Assessing the environmental impact of agriculture is a key factor towards reducing human impacts on the food production chain. Because of the growing consumer interest in healthy foods cultivated with low-impact approach, a study assessing the i[...]Article
Special Denomination labels for fresh food products, such as 'local', 'fair-trade', 'organic' and similar market-narrowing movements have gained a lot of attention over the last few decades. While these movements have some clear benefits and ben[...]Article
N. Bamber ; R. Johnson ; E. Laage ; G. Dias ; P. Tyedmers ; N. Pelletier |The purpose of this manuscript is to review LCA studies of organic field crops to identify best practices in collecting life cycle inventory data. Previous LCA studies of organic field crops from 2010 to 2021 were identified and data were collec[...]Article
Aim of study: To analyse the role that valuable resources and agglomeration would play in the decision to produce organic wines. Area of study: The Controlled Designation of Origin (DOC) Rioja wine industry in Spain, the leading qualified denomi[...]Article
We used Cyprus as a model to link the WaterEnergyFoodClimate (WEFC) nexus indicators (e.g., carbon and water footprints) to the ecosystem services (ES) provided by 39 mixed orchards (stone fruits and nuts) on organic (Org) and conventional (C[...]Article
Alternative food systems have occupied a steady niche in the food systems transformation discourse as one of the transformative pathways capable of addressing many of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Being one of the alte[...]Article
Olive cultivation is the most important agro-ecosystem in the Mediterranean basin. Despite the remarkable intensification of this system (i.e., the use of high tree densities and large amounts of inputs), the environmental and socio-economic imp[...]Article
C. Bux ; M. Lombardi ; E. Varese ; V. Amicarelli |Conventional and intensive agriculture systems represent an environmental challenge. This research aims at evaluating the economic and environmental implications of conventional and organic durum wheat production in Southern Italy by applying ma[...]Article
L. Etienne ; P. Franck ; C. Lavigne ; J. Papaïx ; P. Tolle ; N. Ostandie ; A. Rusch |Reducing pesticide use in agricultural landscapes involves understanding the environmental drivers that affect pesticide application and its subsequent effect on pests. Landscape diversification has been found to benefit natural enemies of pests[...]Article
Dans le contexte de profusion des signes de qualité qui caractérise le secteur agroalimentaire, loriginalité de ce papier est dévaluer la disposition à payer des consommateurs (DAP) pour le label agriculture biologique (AB), selon que le produ[...]Article
The demand for organic olive oil has increased rapidly over the last 40 years, but there is limited information on the effects of organic production methods on commercially and nutritionally relevant quality parameters in olive oil. The main obj[...]Article
Consumers characteristics and attitudes towards organic food products in times of Covid-19 pandemic
The pandemic caused by the Covid-19 virus significantly affected the consumers behavior. The subject of the paper is to analyze the consumer characteristics, the consumer attitudes towards organic food products, as well as the changes in the co[...]Article
The research was conducted on consumers and potential consumers of organic products in Serbia. In countries with average low incomes, knowledge of the organic products market is important because one of the often singled out characteristics of o[...]Article
G. Coppola ; M. Costantini ; A. Fusi ; L. Ruiz-Garcia ; J. Bacenetti |Agricultural activity is responsible of considerable negative effects on the environment. In this context, in the last years, organic cultivation is increasing being perceived as more sustainable for the environmental. Nevertheless, this higher [...]Article
Lobjectif principal de cette contribution est de mettre laccent sur le Marketing Vert à travers lanalyse du comportement de consommateur vis-à-vis des produits verts, en dautres termes, notre étude porte sur lattitude des consommateurs issu[...]Article
En dépit de résultats très contrastés ces deux dernières années, la progression de la demande bio semble se poursuivre. Ce dynamisme demeure toutefois à relativiser compte tenu de la taille de ce marché. Désormais, la gamme des fruits et légumes[...]Article
Organic agriculture (OA) is an ecological, economic and social system that has been in the spotlight to replace and reduce the adverse consequences of conventional agriculture (CA) and achieve sustainable agriculture. The future of OA depends he[...]Article
R.P.F. Guiné ; S.G. Florença ; D.T.V.A. Costa ; S. Celik ; M. Ferreira ; A.P. Cardoso ; S. Cetin ; C.A. Costa |This research aimed to study consumers trends and the consumption of foods obtained through organic farming in two different countries, Portugal and Turkey. A questionnaire survey was used, applied through internet tools as a result of COVID-19[...]Article
H. Veisi ; M. Carolan ; A. Alipour ; A.V. Besheh |In this study, a cross-cultural analysis was undertaken to compare the knowledge of organic producers and agricultural experts in Iran concerning the concepts of good farming, good farmer, and organic farming in the field of sustainable agricult[...]Article
Agriculture and related activities generate a significant amount of greenhouse gas emissions with environmental and biodiversity implications. Based on the European objectives proposed by the Green Pact, this paper assesses the carbon footprint [...]Article
S. Camposeo ; G.A. Vivaldi ; G. Russo ; F.M. Melucci |The relationship between agriculture and climate change is gaining prominence year by year in due to both adaptation and mitigation issues, because agriculture contributes to carbon emissions and acts as a carbon sink. Innovation on olive growin[...]Article
G.K. Abebe ; A. Traboulsi ; M. Aoun |The future of food value chains has increasingly been reliant on the wider adoption of sustainable farming practices that include organic agriculture. Organic farming in developed countries is standardized and occupies a niche in agro-food syste[...]Article
Increasing awareness of sustainability in the agri-food sector is leading to a gradual transition toward lower-impact farming systems, such as organic and biodynamic farming. The environmental performance of organic wines has largely been compar[...]Article
The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors that influence consumers intention to purchase organic food in Egypt. Given the novelty of organic food marketing in developing countries, much of the factors that influence its consumpt[...]Article
R.V. Ionescu ; M.L. Zlati ; V.M. Antohi ; C. Fortea ; S.M. Petrea ; D.S. Cristea |This research is focused on identifying the potential of organic farming by testing the efficiency of productive yields and identifying pragmatic means to quantify it such as the function of the productive yield of organic farming. The results o[...]Article
Les produits bio n'ont plus le monopole des produits sains et écologiquement responsables. La stagnation voire la baisse de consommation l'atteste.Article
I. Nouira ; R. Hammami ; A. Fernandez Arias ; N. Gondran ; Y. Frein |Recent market studies showed that the demand for organic and local agrifood products is increasing despite their higher prices. The agribusiness actors should therefore rethink the supply chain configuration to cope with new market trends charac[...]Article
G. Billen ; J. Garnier ; J. Le Noë |De nombreux travaux récents montrent que, à surface agricole constante, il est possible dassurer lapprovisionnement alimentaire de la France, de lEurope et du monde sans engrais industriels azotés. Au prix cependant de profonds changements st[...]Article
Le marché des produits biologiques est en pleine secousse sismique, avec un repli de la consommation sans précédent. La crise semble plus profonde qu'un simple déséquilibre offre/demande, les facteurs sont multiples. Pour autant, experts comme o[...]Article
Lagriculture biologique (AB) sinscrit dans la montée en puissance de régimes de production agricole plus durables. Lobjectif de cette recherche est danalyser son développement dans les territoires ruraux en tant quinnovation territoriale qu[...]Article
Participatory guarantee systems (PGSs) have emerged as a response to exclusion and intermediation processes involving third-party certification, which is currently the only guarantee system recognised by the European Union for organic food. Desp[...]Article
E. Malusà ; E.M. Furmanczyk ; M. Tartanus ; G. Brouwer ; C.-E. Parveaud ; F. Warlop ; M. Kelderer ; J. Kienzle ; E. Alcazar Marin ; T. Dekker ; R. Vavra ; V. Verrastro ; H. Lindhard Pedersen ; C. Boutry ; M. Friedli ; M. Schlüter |Limited data regarding the resources and methods used by organic fruit growers to learn about production practices are available, even though this information is crucial to improving the efficacy of knowledge transfer. Therefore, a survey to gai[...]Article
A. Tregear ; Z. Anicic ; F. Arfini ; B. Biasini ; M. Bituh ; R. Bojovic ; R. Brecic ; M. Brennan ; I. Colic Baric ; D. Del Rio ; M. Donati ; J. Filipovic ; F. Giopp ; A. Ilic ; G. Lanza ; K. Mattas ; S. Quarrie ; A. Rosi ; M. Sayed ; F. Scazzina ; E. Tsakiridou |Increasingly, policymakers are setting ambitious goals for sustainability in public procurement, integrated across different pillars. Such ambitions are apparent in public catering services, where procurement models have been shifting towards gr[...]Bulletin : Revue Electronique
Alim'agri, n. 1572 - Février 2022 - Agriculture, alimentation, agroalimentaire, pêche, forêt... Les chiffres qui comptent
2022Article
F. de Asis Ruiz ; D. Grande ; J. Nahed ; J.M. Castel ; Y. Mena |In the Mediterranean Basin, sheep meat production systems are based on grazing, and help to conserve biodiversity, mitigate the greenhouse gases emissions and maintain the population in rural areas. However, the lack of differentiation of pastor[...]Article
Orchards in insular, mountainous environments provide a range of Ecosystem Services (ES). However, research on the benefits of mixed orchards to ES remains very limited. We use Cyprus as a model to study the ES provided by 52 mixed orchards in O[...]Article
Les orientations prises par la France dans Le cadre de la Politique agricoLe commune pour Les années 2023-2027 sont contraires aux objectifs du Pacte vert européen.Article
Face aux nombreux défis sociétaux à relever (environnement, sécurité alimentaire, santé), différentes formes dagriculture sont envisagées. Agriculture biologique, agriculture de conservation des sols et maintenant agriculture régénératrice sont[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
M. Requier-Desjardins, dir. ; T. Berchoux, dir. ; A. Cobacho, dir. | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | Analyse Diagnostic d'une Zone Rurale | 2022Article
Les politiques de labellisation (Appellation dorigine protégée [AOP], Agriculture biologique [AB]) sont censées accroître le revenu des producteurs. Mais le revenu des agriculteurs nest pas automatiquement amélioré par ladoption dune stratég[...]E-Book
N. Marcu, ed. ; G.-R. Ladaru, ed. ; I.N. Gostin, ed. | Belgrade [Serbie] : Institute of Agricultural Economics | 2022Article
This paper aims to highlight the potential of a FADN additional survey when payment for organic farming is to be calculated in the rural development decision-making process. In fact, the number of organic farms included in the FADN is often too [...]Article
With the European Green Deal, presented in December 2019, the EU Commission aims at making Europe the worlds first climate neutral continent by 2050. In this plan agriculture plays a key role and so does organic farming. The aim of this work is[...]Article
C. Le Gall ; V. Lecomte ; D. Wagner |The development of organic agriculture in France was steady since 2010 but became stronger since 2014. Like other crops, the cultivated areas of organic soybean and sunflower doubled from 2014 to 2018. With a view to better characterize cultural[...]Article
Organic farming in Italy is growing fast thanks to an increased focus on environmental sustainability and consumer demand thus challenging the farmers to create new working models and territorial systems. Organic land in Basilicata is more than [...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
O. Boughamoura ; M. Requier-Desjardins ; E. Lemaitre-Curri | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | 2022Ce rapport est basé sur la collecte et lanalyse de 92 projets dagriculture durable en agriculture intégrée, en agriculture biologique, en agriculture de précision et en agriculture de conservation. Ces projets ont été réalisés dans 5 agrosystè[...]Article
À travers une revue de presse et son analyse textuelle par le logiciel Iramuteq, cet article propose un panorama actualisé et problématisé des sociétés coopératives dintérêt collectif (Scic) dans le secteur agricole. Les auteurs montrent commen[...]Article
V. Bellassen ; M. Drut ; M. Hilal ; A. Bodini ; M. Donati ; M.D. de Labarre ; J. Filipovic ; L. Gauvrit ; J.M. Gil ; V. Hoang ; A. Malak-Rawlikowska ; K. Mattas ; S. Monier-Dilhan ; P. Muller ; O. Napasintuwong ; J. Peerlings ; T. Poméon ; M. Tomic Maksan ; Á. Török ; M. Veneziani ; G. Vittersø ; F. Arfini |To identify whether EU certified food here organic and geographical indications is more sustainable than a conventional reference, we developed 25 indicators covering the three sustainability pillars. Original data was collected on 52 produc[...]Article
D. Pérez-Neira ; X. Simon ; D. Copena |This work evaluates and discusses the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential of agroecological policies implemented in public food procurement for school canteens. Using a life cycle analysis (LCA) methodology (cradle-to-grave approa[...]Article
M. Mazzon ; L. Cavani ; C. Ciavatta ; G. Campanelli ; G. Burgio ; C. Marzadori |Organic management aims to maintain and/or enhance the soil quality by adopting crop rotation, reduced tillage, and application of organic fertilizers. Several studies highlight the advantages of organic management in terms of soil quality and s[...]Article
Larticle examine les conditions sociales de ladhésion dagriculteurs au mode de production biologique. À partir dune enquête ethnographique menée auprès de maraîchers, il interroge les contextes dans lesquels se forgent et sexpriment les dis[...]Article
Food democracy is a concept with growing influence in food research. Food democracy deals with how actors may regain democratic control over the food system enabling its sustainable transformation. Following multi-level perspective framework's c[...]Article
F. Boncinelli ; A. Dominici ; F. Gerini ; E. Marone |Several studies have focused on the behaviour of consumers towards organic wine, finding varying and sometimes conflicting results. Some scholars have noted that consumers may perceive wine labelled as organic to be of a lower quality, whereas o[...]Article
L. Rempelos ; M. Baranski ; J. Wang ; T.N. Adams ; K. Adebusuyi ; J.J. Beckman ; C.J. Brockbank ; B.S. Douglas ; T. Feng ; J.D. Greenway ; M. Gür ; E. Iyaremye ; C.L. Kong ; R. Korkut ; S.S. Kumar ; J. Kwedibana ; J. Masselos ; B.N. Mutalemwa ; B.S. Nkambule ; O.B. Oduwole ; A.K. Oladipo ; J.O. Olumeh ; L. Petrovic ; N. Röhrig ; S.A. Wyld ; L. Xu ; Y. Pan ; E. Chatzidimitriou ; H. Davis ; A. Magistrali ; E. Sufar ; G. Hasanaliyeva ; H.H. Kalee ; A. Willson ; M. Thapa ; P. Davenport ; D. Srednicka-Tober ; N. Volakakis ; A. Watson ; C.J. Seal ; M. Goltz ; P. Kindersley ; P.O. Iversen ; C. Leifert |The environmental and biodiversity benefits of organic farming are widely recognized, but there is still controversy about the effects of organic production methods on the nutritional composition of food and human health. In the first part of th[...]Article
J. Barreiro Hurlé ; M. Bogonos ; M. Himics ; J. Hristov ; I. Pérez Domínguez ; A. Sahoo ; G. Salputra ; F. Weiss ; E. Baldoni ; C. Elleby |Agricultural stakeholders have concerns regarding the potential impact of the Farm-to-Fork and Biodiversity strategies on the agricultural sector. Several studies have been published recently trying to understand how these strategies would affec[...]Article
G. Di Vita ; R. Vecchio ; M. Borrello ; R. Zanchini ; G. Maesano ; G. Gulisano ; F. Brun ; M. D'Amico |The current study assesses consumer preferences toward different production methods of clementines (Citrus clementina). Based on a survey of Italian urban individuals (N = 345), responsible for household food purchases, it investigates whether c[...]Article
Protection de la ressource en eau du bassin de lAuxerrois et transformation des pratiques agricoles
Avec des taux de nitrates dépassant les seuils définis par la Directive européenne « nitrates », puis la présence de résidus de pesticides utilisés par les activités agricoles du secteur, leau des bassins dalimentation de captages de lAuxerro[...]Article
In this study, it was aimed to determine the participation tendencies in organic agriculture activities of women living in rural areas of the northwestern part of Turkey. The data were collected from 183 rural women by simple random sampling met[...]Article
Using several energy returns on investment indicators (multi-EROI), this article analyses the socioecological transition of an agroecosystem in the western Mediterranean on the island of Mallorca (Spain) over a period of 150 years which saw a ch[...]Article
Organic agriculture in Europe is expanding, yet is still in the early stages in less developed areas of Europe. Understanding the factors of converting to organic agriculture is a key component for both policy design and attaining effective supp[...]Article
Alors que les conséquences des changements climatiques sont de plus en plus visibles et ne peuvent plus être totalement évitées, lusage des pesticides en agriculture fait lobjet dune profonde remise en cause, du fait de ses conséquences envir[...]Article
The consumption of organic products has consistently increased over the last decades, covering increasingly diversified consumers, both in the characteristics and the reasons associated with consumption. This heterogeneity evidences the need to [...]Article
C. Grovermann ; S. Quiédeville ; A. Muller ; F. Leiber ; M. Stolze ; S. Moakes |Certification in agriculture ensures compliance with tangible standards and should generate economic opportunities for farmers. This study quantifies the variable profit and efficiency impacts of organic certification in dairy farming across Eur[...]Article
Depuis plus de 15 ans, un groupe d'agriculteurs de Dordogne se mobilise sur l'origine, la qualité et la diversité des variétés utilisées en agriculture biologique et durable. Cet article décrit la prise de conscience des agriculteurs dAgrobio-P[...]Article
M. Zamkova ; S. Rojik ; L. Pilar ; M. Chalupova ; M. Prokop ; R. Stolin ; P. Dziekanski ; M. Maitah |The article analyses the customer attitude towards the qualities and benefits of organic agriculture production for farmers and customers in the Czech Republic, comparing the situation in 2016 and 2019. More than 2500 respondents were subject to[...]Article
J. Stubenrauch ; F. Ekardt ; K. Heyl ; B. Garske ; V.L. Schott ; S. Ober |Agricultural practices require a comprehensive transformation to preserve natural resources and secure high-quality food supply. Conventional and organic farming practices offer different pathways to further develop the sector. In particular, bl[...]Article
Lagriculture biologique (AB) est considérée comme une solution pertinente aux problèmes de pollution des ressources en eau. Dans cet article, nous nous appuyons sur le projet mené par la ville de Paris dans la vallée de la Vanne pour analyser c[...]Article
The Europe 2030 project identified the need to create a growth model that is based on a dynamic balance between economic, social, and environmental dimensions. This involves, among other objectives, redirecting the resources that are allocated t[...]Article
Trust is a key consideration when purchasing and consuming foods. Food certification is an aspect of food labelling, and is used by policymakers and marketers to increase consumers trust in food. Equally important, consumers trust in the food [...]Article
Le marché de la bio se restructure. La bio artisanale sefface au profit dune production à grande échelle et mondialisée. Les grands groupes de lagro-alimentaires sen emparent.Article
As freshwater overexploitation in agriculture is rising, the application of alternative farming practices, particularly in water-scarce areas, is critical for the sustainability of the sector. Organic agriculture constitutes an opportunity for f[...]Article
F. Solfanelli ; F. Solfanelli ; E. Ozturk ; P. Pugliese ; R. Zanoli |The new EU Organic Regulation 848/2018 allows group certification to be applied to EU organic smallholders. Group certification is endorsed by IFOAM-Organics International and is the dominant approach to certify small organic farmers in many non[...]Article
A l'exception des légumineuses qui peuvent fixer l'azote atmosphérique, la quasi-totalité des espèces cultivées ont besoin d'un apport externe d'azote sous forme d'engrais chimiques ou organiques ou encore d'engrais vert. En effet, l'azote est l[...]Article
Two major agricultural transformations are currently being promoted worldwide: digitalisation and ecologisation, that include different practices such as organic farming and sustainable intensification. In literature and in societal debates, the[...]Article
Les ambitions du Pacte vert européen se concrétiseront-elles grâce à la nouvelle PAC ? Elles appellent en tout cas des interventions des autorités publiques beaucoup plus fortes dans les secteurs agricole et alimentaire.Article
Spain has more than 2.5 M ha of olive groves, with 60% of this area (i.e., 1.5 M ha) concentrated in the region of Andalusia (Southern Spain). Assuming the socio-ecological characteristics of these crops, of which their contribution to ecosystem[...]Article
Organic agriculture (OA) in Egypt is well-developed and still fast growing. Improving the relation between organic farmers and the other agents in the chain can provide a positive contribution to the whole organic chain competitiveness. One poss[...]Article
T.G. Morais ; R.F.M. Teixeira ; C. Lauk ; M.C. Theurl ; W. Winiwarter ; A. Mayer ; L. Kaufmann ; H. Haberl ; T. Domingos ; K.-H. Erb |Sustainable food systems face trade-offs between demands of low environmental pressures per unit area and requirements of increasing production. Organic farming has lower yields than conventional agriculture and requires the introduction of nitr[...]Article
Simulating organic agriculture is a considerable challenge. One reason is that few models are capable of simulating crop-pest interactions and the yield losses they cause. Here, a recently developed process-based crop-pest model (Pest-EPIC) was [...]Article
Organic agriculture is a production system that relies on prevention, ecological processes, biodiversity, mechanical processes, and natural cycles to control pests and maintain productivity. Pesticide use is generally limited or absent in organi[...]Article
Z. Saber ; R. van Zelm ; H. Pirdashti ; A.M. Schipper ; M. Esmaeili ; A. Motevali ; A. Nabavi-Pelesaraei ; M.A.J. Huijbregts |Eco-efficiency, defined as the economic profit per unit of environmental impact, can largely differ between farms that produce the same crop. Understanding the underlying drivers of differences in eco-efficiency can help to identify effective op[...]Article
Organic agriculture remains a black box attribute when considering consumer behaviour and preferences in developing countries. This is due partially to a lack of awareness about such products in addition to a lack of trust in relation to the cer[...]Article
Cet article vise à comprendre le rôle que la consommation biologique joue dans la relation entre nature et culture. La recherche se fonde sur une ethnographie conduite sur lenseigne Biocoop et auprès de consommateurs bio. Lanalyse démontre com[...]Article
L. Steinmetz ; P. Veysset ; M. Benoît ; B. Dumont |Organic farming relies on ecological processes to replace chemical inputs, and organic farmers have developed various strategies, including several forms of diversification, to remain viable. Herein, we hypothesized that diversified organic farm[...]Article
Le Maroc souhaite doubler son PIB agricole à l'horizon 2030, avec des incitations à l'investissement, en particulier pour les jeunes agriculteurs et les porteurs de projets, ainsi que d'agrandir les surfaces bio.Article
C. Thomas ; I. Maître ; P.A. Picouet ; R. Symoneaux |Current environmental issues require shifting to a more sustainable agri-food sector. The perception of the environmental impact of the products that consumers buy is not well known. The present study investigated consumers perceptions of the e[...]Article
C. Ciaccia ; E. Testani ; A. Fiore ; I. Iocola ; M. Di Pierro ; G. Mele ; F. Ferlito ; M. Cutuli ; F. Montemurro ; R. Farina ; D. Ceccarelli ; A. Persiani ; S. Canali ; M. Diacono |The implementation of agroecology principles within organic farming research is a crux to redesign sustainable agri-food systems. To govern this transition, the local research demand should be addressed by direct engagement of all stakeholders i[...]Article
A. de Ravignan ; L. Hutinet ; C. Vallet ; M. Jublin ; N. Nahapétian ; V. Grimault ; L. Clerc, illus. |Elles sont parfois microscopiques, parfois énormes. Elles portent des noms latins compliqués et se comptent en millions. Pour linstant, en tout cas. Car aujourdhui des espèces, animales ou végétales, disparaissent à une allure inédite sous la[...]Article
Les fermes maraîchères biologiques présentent une gamme de structures agricoles, associées à des pratiques avec différents niveaux d'agroécologie et différents niveaux de recours aux intrants. Une analyse typologique sur 165 fermes a permis de c[...]Article
La Commission européenne veut fournir au secteur de lagriculture biologique les bons outils pour atteindre lobjectif de 25 % de terres agricoles dédiées à lhorizon 2030.Article
Context : Identifying and developing resilient farming and food systems has emerged as a top priority during the Covid-19 pandemic. Many academics suggest that farming and food systems should move towards agroecological models to achieve better [...]Article
Soilless cultivation systems were primarily developed in response to the excessive spread of soil pathogens; however, they also allow an optimal control of plant grow, high productivity and product quality as well as very high efficiency of wate[...]Article
H. Moschitz ; A. Muller ; U. Kretzschmar ; L. Haller ; M. de Porras ; C. Pfeifer ; B. Oehen ; H. Willer ; H. Stolz |The European Commission's Farm to Fork (F2F) Strategy sets ambitious targets to transform the whole food system towards greater sustainability, but we are critical about its strong focus on technical innovations while neglecting the social and s[...]Article
The growing presence of community or allotment gardens seeks to respond to the challenges of todays urban societies in terms of sustainability. The food dimension of this phenomenon is one of its most important aspects, with clear repercussions[...]Article
E. Romano ; R. Roma ; F. Tidona ; G. Giraffa ; A. Bragaglio |In this study, the life cycle assessment (LCA) principle was performed to estimate the environmental impact of three dairy farms that operate using different farming systems, namely, conventional (CON), organic (ORG), and high-quality (HQ) modes[...]Article
Global crises such as the covid-19 pandemic highlight the interconnectedness and vulnerability of human systems, requiring integrated transdisciplinary studies aimed at breaking unsustainable and unjust practices. In this work, a horticultural c[...]Article
Enchaînés à l'impératif du rendement, montrés du doigt pour leurs pratiques polluantes, cernés par les résidences secondaires, les agriculteurs conventionnels du Morbihan observent avec désarroi le succès de leurs collègues qui se sont tournés v[...]Article
P. Sánchez-Bravo ; E. Chambers V ; L. Noguera-Artiaga ; E. Sendra ; E. Chambers IV ; Á.A. Carbonell-Barrachina |The term sustainability is based on three main pillars: environment, society and economy. To achieve sustainable development, agriculture is one of the main fields to be considered and it is key to address economic, environmental and ethical p[...]Article
La conversion au bio est lourde pour les exploitants agricoles, qui doivent revoir leur processus de production. Cela demande du temps et de largent, mais les convertis ne regrettent pas.Article
P. Borawski ; M.B. Borawski ; A. Parzonko ; L. Wicki ; T. Rokicki ; A. Perkowska ; J.W. Dunn |Organic milk production is an environmentally friendly production system based on local forage and a ban on using chemical fertilizers and certain other rules. Organic milk is considered to be healthier and is gaining attention worldwide. The ma[...]Article
Par une approche compréhensive des réponses à lenquête par questionnaire menée par la Fédération nationale dagriculture biologique et lAgence Bio en 2018, le présent article sattelle à donner à voir les agricultrices bio au travers de leur r[...]Article
Quelle que soit l'allégation, l'analyse croisée avec plusieurs professionnels de la filière amène à la conclusion suivante : le zéro ou sans (résidu de) pesticides a vocation à rester un segment, qui permettra de tirer globalement vers le haut l[...]Article
Understanding the evidence-based factors that influence the adoption of organic farming yields benefits in terms of managing said adoption effectively. We searched relevant articles published in databases including Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed[...]Article
The poor generational renewal has been identified as a key issue for the EU policy that undermines the restructuring of the agricultural sector and the revitalisation of rural areas. The start-up aid for young farmers is one of the main EU-drive[...]Article
Organic farming in the Spanish region of Andalusia has acquired great socio-economic importance over the past decades. The purpose of this article is to study the themes, approaches, and socio-political values pertaining to ecological agricultur[...]Article
We performed a laboratory study in France to explore consumer reactions to information about lentils, a legume whose consumption is sustainable and recommended by nutritionists and environmentalists. More specifically, we examined the effect of [...]Article
Puglia region is the most important producer of organic olives in Italy. The study aims at assessing the economic sustainability of a selected organic olive oil farm by adopting and testing the methodology based on a scientific approach designed[...]Article
Today, a model for an eco-friendly agricultural sector represents a necessity. Organic agriculture is a production system that tries to reach this goal. European programs encourage farmers into being more environmentally conscious: the funds for[...]Article
E. Röös ; B. Bajzelj ; C. Weil ; E. Andersson ; D. Bossio ; L.J. Gordon |Organic farming aims to minimize negative impacts on the local environment, but its contributions to global food sustainability also depend on a resilient food supply. We studied a farm aiming to move beyond organic and become a sustainable far[...]Article
M. Raimondo ; F. Caracciolo ; C. Nazzaro ; G. Marotta |While there is growing recognition of the positive role played by organic farming in the reduction of the negative externalities due to conventional agriculture, there is uncertainty about the effect of the latter on the economic performance of [...]Article
To secure sustainable food production for meeting the growing global demand for food, it is imperative, while at the same time challenging, to make efficient use of natural resources with minimal impact on the environment. The study objective is[...]Article
S. Zollet ; L. Colombo ; P. De Meo ; D. Marino ; S.R. McGreevy ; N. McKeon ; S. Tarra |The negative impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have further exposed and exacerbated the structural weaknesses and inequalities embedded in the global industrial agri-food system. While the mainstream narrative continues to emphasise the importanc[...]Article
F. Varia ; D. Macaluso ; I. Agosta ; F. Spatafora ; G.D. Guccione |In recent years, after the publication of Regulation (EU) 2018/848 on organic production and the labelling of organic products, all stakeholders have been considering threats and opportunities in the development of the organic food and beverage [...]Article
The communal pastures of the Natural Park Sierra de Grazalema are grazed by a total of 23 extensive herds, of which 75% are certified as organic, although only 39% are subsidized for being organic. In a previous research work, these farms were c[...]Article
The shift towards more sustainable consumptions and habits have had tangible impacts on food markets, which have accepted this challenge by offering a variety of certification systems to pull consumers aside. However, food purchasing choices are[...]Article
G.D. Guccione ; E. Pagliarino ; I. Borri ; A. Vaccaro ; P. Borsotto |Italy is the leading European rice producer. The transition to organic farming of rice farms could represent a solution for environmental protection, as well as for their economic sustainability, consumer safety, and as a measure of climate miti[...]Article
Within the new "European Green Deal", the European Commission defined crucial challenges for the agriculture of future decades, such as making food production more sustainable by considering the local pedo-climatic and socio-economic specificiti[...]Article
Olive cultivation for oil production in Tunisia covers from traditional to innovate cropping systems. The aim of the study was to assess the environmental footprint of the most representative olive growing systems of the actual production of oli[...]Article
The dynamically developing trend of sustainable consumption is manifested, among others, by the growing interest in organic products on the part of consumers. The aim of this article was to identify the behavior of Polish consumers in the market[...]Article
F. Taghikhah ; A. Voinov ; N. Shukla ; T. Filatova ; M. Anufriev |The current intense food production-consumption is one of the main sources of environmental pollution and contributes to anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. Organic farming is a potential way to reduce environmental impacts by excluding synt[...]Article
The literature on the effect of organic labels on consumers perception of food products has grown significantly over the last two decades. Since the number of empirical studies has also increased greatly, a literature review revealing the opera[...]Article
Spain is a global leader in the wine sector in terms of production capacity, which is in stark contrast to its low domestic wine consumption. This situation forces Spanish producers to develop a clear focus on exports. Traditionally, the busines[...]Article
F. Varia ; D. Macaluso ; A. Vaccaro ; P. Caruso ; G.D. Guccione |The adoption of rare, traditional crops represents a good example of enhancing functional agrobiodiversity, not only to provide benefits for farmers but also for society as a whole. The study outlined in this paper aims to verify how and under l[...]Série
Chambre régionale d'agriculture d'Occitanie ; Cerfrance | Castanet Tolosan : Chambre régionale d'agriculture d'Occitanie | Agri'scopie | 2021Pour la 6e année consécutive, Agriscopie® Occitanie vous expose les principaux chiffres de lagriculture régionale et vous permet de mieux comprendre et appréhender les problématiques de notre agriculture régionale. Agriscopie® se positionne[...]Article
Développer la production biologique baissera le potentiel productif agricole. Or, à léchelle mondiale, la demande alimentaire des classes moyennes saccroît.Article
Article
Cet article propose danalyser les circuits courts au prisme de linnovation sociale. Il sappuie sur une étude de cas (un marché de producteurs biologiques) réalisée dans le cadre du programme Strenght2Food. Sa méthodologie mêle approche qualit[...]Article
Le champ de recherche des systèmes alimentaires alternatifs foisonne : de nouvelles formes innovantes et hybrides de systèmes alimentaires apparaissent, comme les Systèmes alimentaires du milieu (SYAM). La question des processus qui sous-tendent[...]Article
Lobjectif de cet article est déclairer la logique des sociétés coopératives dintérêt collectif (Scic) peu étudiées à ce jour. Parce quelles reposent sur le multisociétariat, les Scic peuvent être source de tensions entre les différentes caté[...]Article
The study compares the productivity change over time of organic and conventional dairy farms in Denmark between 2011 and 2018 using data envelopment analysis, and aims to identify which technology is superior. Productivity changes and the differ[...]Article
Organic standards are conceived of as a governance mechanism that not only aims to ensure that consumers requirements in terms of transparency are met but also promotes sustainable food systems. Although third-party certification (TPC) and Part[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Limportance des enjeux environnementaux dans les activités viticoles est devenue un sujet de préoccupation sociale. Pour cela, plusieurs alternatives sont de plus en plus utilisées dans les systèmes de production pour aider les agriculteurs à d[...]Article
To respond to the demand of organic products for feed (oilmeals, protein crops) and food (oil, dry pulses), organic oilseed and protein crops surfaces are increasing rapidly in France. Terres Univia, the interbranch organisation which represents[...]Article
In this paper, the authors analyze products from the organic farming system from consumption and consumers. The research aimed to determine the characteristics of the Serbian organic market, discover attitudes, practices, and features of differe[...]Article
E. Pagliarino ; S. Rolfo ; I.M. Zoppi |Cet article est axé sur lexpérience dun groupe de cultivateurs italiens qui utilisent les pratiques et les méthodes de lagriculture biologique pour la production du riz. Celle-ci représente encore un phénomène de niche concernant un nombre li[...]Article
V. Brombin ; E. Mistri ; M. De Feudis ; C. Forti ; G.M. Salani ; C. Natali ; G. Falsone ; L. Vittori Antisari ; G. Bianchini |Sustainable agricultural management is needed to promote carbon (C) sequestration in soil, prevent loss of soil fertility, and reduce the release of greenhouse gases. However, the influence of agronomic practices on soil C sequestration depends [...]Article
The preservation of biodiversity, improving human health and the development of rural areas through organic farming are among the main aims of EU and worldwide agricultural policies. This paper discusses influential factors and the dynamics of d[...]Article
Marginal rural areas are undergoing major pressures from the effects of globalization, especially when no alternative has been found to conventional extensive agriculture and a lack of investments and vision squeezes the income of farmers. The o[...]Article
R. Zouhair ; A. Chebil ; K. Ouerghi ; S. Selmi |La production de dattes présente une forte valeur marchande, ce qui lui attribue dêtre une source principale de revenus des ménages essentiellement dans les régions de production (Tozeur et Kébili). Toutefois, le rendement des dattes reste enco[...]Article
A. Zezza ; F. DeMaria ; T. Laureti ; L. Secondi |The organic food certification system in Italy, based on the EU legislation, relies on private control bodies (CBs) that are supervised by national authorities. The aim of this paper is to investigate whether it is possible to test for differenc[...]Article
Does conversion to organic farming impact vineyards yield? A diachronic study in Southeastern France
Given the need to reduce pesticide use and rising consumer demand for healthy food, organic vineyard areas have increased since 2000. Converting to organic farming requires numerous changes in pest and disease management, fertilization and weedi[...]Article
A. Panozzo ; H. Huang ; B. Bernazeau ; T. Vamerali ; M.F. Samson ; D. Desclaux |In the current context of climate change, tree–crop combinations in agroforestry systems are suggested to mitigate water and heat stresses, particularly in semi-arid environments of the Mediterranean area. In this framework, a 3-year trial[...]Article
M. Teston ; D. Villalba ; M. Berton ; M. Ramanzin ; E. Sturaro |This study analyzed the link between organic beef production and agroecosystems in mountain areas and the potential effects of land use change in eight farms of Catalan Pyrenees with a three step approach: (i) assessment of structural and manage[...]Article
Participatory guarantee systems (PGS) have become increasingly important for organic quality assurance. PGS are promoted as more suitable than third-party certification (TPC) for smallholder farmers in the Global South. The advocated benefits of[...]Article
G. Coppola ; M. Costantini ; L. Orsi ; D. Facchinetti ; F. Santoro ; D. Pessina ; J. Bacenetti |In this study, the economic profitability of hazelnut production in central Italy using conventional and organic farming systems was evaluated using the costbenefit analysis methodology. Viterbos province is the leading province in Italy in te[...]Article
The study examines the influence of dispositional traits (consumer optimism and consumer pessimism) upon the adoption of organic food. It also measures the mediation effect of environmental concern between dispositional traits and organic food c[...]Article
Several studies have analyzed whether sustainability standardssuch as Fairtrade or Organicdeliver on their promise to benefit smallholder farmers in developing countries, with mixed results. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to [...]Article
We examine the potential demand for a local food speciality product, saffron, with alternative labels, using a choice experiment. The paper contributes to the literature on credence attributes, by examining Willingness to Pay (WTP) for the local[...]Article
S. Dekhili ; M.A. Achabou ; M. Hamdoun |Cet article vise à examiner linfluence du label biologique sur la préférence des produits régionaux dans le contexte tunisien. Les résultats issus dune enquête auprès de 193 consommateurs montrent globalement une faible préférence pour le labe[...]Article
Adoption decisions represent a crucial topic in sustainable agriculture research, particularly in the organic agriculture sector; to understand farmers decision-making, research has to delve more deeply into the influences of farmers behavior.[...]Article
The conventionalization of organic agriculture has been described as a process in which organic agriculture increasingly adopts the features of conventional modes of production based on industrial farming methods. The increasing supply of organi[...]Article
S. Canali ; D. Antichi ; S. Cristiano ; M. Diacono ; V. Ferrante ; P. Migliorini ; F. Riva ; A. Trinchera ; R. Zanoli ; L. Colombo |The objectives of this paper are to present the dynamic of organic food and farming (OFF) research and innovation, to outline challenges in deploying programs and accessing funding, and to define key actions to foster the development of tailored[...]Article
Institutional change and diversity have been two major topics of debate in contemporary social sciences. At the core of this debate are actors skills to manage the institutional frame that defines limits and possibilities for their strategies. [...]Article
This study explores consumers preferences for corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives implemented in the wine sector. Moreover, it investigates consumers perception and price premium for four wine certifications related to corporate [...]Article
From a perspective of valorization of the Spanish olive oil at the international market, this research tries to determine the benefits of adopting environmental and social labeling of the product. Findings from a qualitative study performed to F[...]Article
Discussions on food security in the Global North have raised questions about the capacity of peri-urban organic agriculture to provide sufficient healthy food for the urban market. Dealing with food security requires more attention to how to pro[...]Article
La période de confinement actuelle nous interpelle en tant que consommateurs, en tant qu'opérateurs et chercheurs, afin de prendre la mesure de la catastrophe actuelle et éveiller notre conscience sur l'importance de notre environnement. Elle me[...]Article
Over the last few years, there has been a growing concern among academics and practitioners about the slow pace in which sustainability transformations unfold. While most socio-technical transformations tend to happen over extended periods, rese[...]Article
J. Ikerd |When anticipating the future, many experts simply examine trends of the past and project them into the futureas if trends continue indefinitely. However, one of the most fundamental principles of science is that everything on earth tends to cyc[...]Article
Choisir ses productions est un casse-tête pour les agriculteurs. Les pouvoirs publics pourraient les aiguiller pour répondre aux attentes des consommateurs.Article
Manger durable on en rêve tous, nest-ce pas ? En clair, il sagit davoir un régime alimentaire dont limpact sur lenvironnement serait neutre, tout en étant sain nutritionnellement, rémunérateur pour les agriculteurs, respectueux des hommes e[...]Article
La question de la rémunération des agriculteurs est intrinsèquement liée à linternationalisation du marché alimentaire et à lévolution de nos modes de consommation. Aujourdhui, le comportement des consommateurs reflète un paradoxe : sils sou[...]Article
In current times, the man-made problems affecting our planet (climate change, loss of biodiversity, etc.) are making an urgent case for shifting towards a more sustainable kind of consumption. One of the ways these problems can be addressed is t[...]