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AFRIQUE DU NORDSynonyme(s)MaghrebVoir aussi |
Documents disponibles dans cette catégorie (1237)
Article
M. Henchiri ; J. Zhang ; S. Li ; B. Essifi ; K. Wilson |The dynamic interplay between socioeconomic development and climate change has brought about significant changes in drought vulnerability within the African socioeconomic system. However, there is a prevailing lack of understanding about how the[...]Article
Soil degradation is a short or long ongoing process that limits ecosystem services. Intensive land use, water scarcity, land disturbance, and global climate change have reduced the quality of soils worldwide. This degradation directly threatens [...]Article
Article
In this article, the impact of the Russia–Ukraine conflict on food security in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region is analyzed. With Ukraine being recognized as one of the major global grain producers and exporters, the conflict[...]Article
Promoting well-functioning ecosystems that maintain the sustainability of agricultural systems in response to climate change remains a major challenge in North Africa. Agroecological practices have the potential to serve as an alternative to che[...]Article
La crise sanitaire de 2020-2021, et plus récemment la crise ukrainienne, ont révélé, d'une part, la vulnérabilité alimentaire des pays du Maghreb et, d'autre part, l'incapacité des politiques publiques agricoles mises en uvre à résoudre les que[...]Article
K.A. Abay ; C. Breisinger ; J. Glauber ; S. Kurdi ; D. Laborde ; K. Siddig |This paper analyzes the implications of the Russian-Ukraine war on global and regional food security. We start with a global vulnerability analysis to identify most vulnerable regions and countries. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region[...]Article
W. Huang ; Q. Liu ; A. Abu Hatab |There is widespread recognition of the global environmental impact of agricultural production on greenhouse gas emissions, but evidence is sparse regarding the impact in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. In this study, we treat agr[...]Actes de Congrès ou Communication isolée
Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
Rainfall in the Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula arrived too late to bring a beneficial effect on crops. Crop failures occurred in several important grain-producing regions of Spain, Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. In other areas, crop growing co[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The Maghreb and the Iberian Peninsula are facing one of the worst seasonal droughts in recent decades. In comparison with the previous outlook, this resulted in a downward revision to well-below average expectations for the final production part[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Addressing the global challenges facing the agricultural and food systems, mainly by climate change. An increase interest is placed in agroecology as being the path towards a transition in the agricultural system to a resilient and sustainable o[...]Ouvrage
Les tensions écologiques, ses répercussions de plus en plus visibles et les dangers qu'elles font peser sur les écosystèmes mondiaux, imposent des réponses politiques, y compris aux segments les plus polluants du capital. Ils tentent en effet de[...]Actes de Congrès ou Communication isolée
Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
G. Calabrese ; M.R. Bteich ; M. Requier-Desjardins ; A. Martin ; R. Mehdioui ; P. Reidsma ; G. van de Ven ; K. Boudedja | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | NATAE Project | 2023This document is the Methodological Framework for the Assessment of Performance of Agroecological Practices envisaged in the task 1.2 of the project NATAE (D1.1) and it is developed in interaction with the NATAE Living Lab Guidelines (D4.1) that[...]Actes de Congrès ou Communication isolée
Actes de Congrès ou Communication isolée
Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
M. Requier-Desjardins ; K. Papadopoulou ; R. Jalkh ; E. Lemaitre-Curri | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | NATAE Project | 2023This deliverable establishes all quality methods and processes to ensure quality management, quality monitoring of NATAE project and its outcomes according to the main rules and standards of Horizon Europe and to allocate responsibilities for en[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
G. Anríquez ; W. Foster ; J. Santos Rocha ; J. Ortega ; J. Smolak ; S. Jansen | Le Caire [Égypte] : FAO | 2023Food loss and waste (FLW) reduction is an important component in the transformation of the regions agrifood systems. Addressing the drivers of FLW along value chains provides an opportunity to tackle some of the inherent problems within the NEN[...]Communication à un Congrès (avec Actes)
Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
Bulletin : Revue Electronique
New Medit, vol. 21, n. 5 Spécial Issue - Decembre 2022 - Making sense of on-going dynamics and innovations in oases and newly irrigated areas of North African arid regions: towards more sustainable development pathways
2022Article
Decisions on irrigation water management are usually made at different levels, including farms, water user associations (WUAs), and regional water planning agencies. The latter generally have good access to information and decision tools regardi[...]Article
The problem of food insecurity is growing across the world, in particular in developing countries. Due to their economic structure, climate change represents one of the major threats for food security levels in African countries. The object of t[...]Article
LAfrique du Nord (lAlgérie, lÉgypte, la Libye, le Maroc, la Mauritanie, le Soudan et la Tunisie) est lune des régions la moins intégrée au monde, avec à peine 5,2 % des échanges commerciaux intrarégionaux, et ce malgré lexistence des prin[...]Article
Souvent on se réfère aux crises comme étant des fenêtres dopportunités. Mais celles-ci ne peuvent être saisies que sil y a une volonté politique de surmonter les défis, commensurable à la magnitude de la transformation qui savère nécessaire.[...]Article
R. Gamal ; M. El-Shirbeny ; A. Abou-Hadid ; A. Swelam ; A.-G. El-Gindy ; Y. Arafa ; V. Nangia |Evapotranspiration (ET) is a significant consumer of irrigation water and precipitation on cropland. Global and regional interest in the sustainable management of limited freshwater supplies to meet the rapidly increasing population and food dem[...]Article
We explored the relative importance of climate oscillations and human-driven disturbances on the change in vegetation biomass in agroecosystems, and whether it is associated with land use. Our main contribution is a quantitative treatment of the[...]Article
Middle Eastern, North African countries (MENA), and Central Asian countries are considered the countries most facing water and food scarcity. The current water exploitation indicates that a few countries are overexploiting their water resources [...]Article
As a conflict between two major agricultural powers, the RussiaUkraine war has various negative socioeconomic impacts that are now being felt internationally and might worsen, notably, for global food security. If the war deepens, the food cris[...]Article
Linvasion russe de lUkraine le 24 février provoque une onde de chocs sur les marchés internationaux énergétiques et agricoles, en raison du poids de ces deux pays sur ces secteurs stratégiques. À elles deux, la Russie et lUkraine représentent[...]Article
Agriculture, especially cereal production, is one of the few sectors in which Serbia has a significant comparative advantage. Due to the policy of approaching the EU, almost all grain exports are placed in a few EU countries, which are not end-u[...]Article
Groundwater forms the basis for millions of rural and urban livelihoods in the Global South. Its use for irrigation has spurred widespread socio-economic development in various areas but has also led to aquifer overdraft and related socio-enviro[...]Article
M. Rinaldi ; A.S. Almeida ; J. Álvaro Fuentes ; M. Annabi ; P. Annicchiarico ; M. Castellini ; C. Cantero Martinez ; M.G. Cruz ; G. D'Alessandro ; T. Gitsopoulos ; D. Marandola ; M. Marguerie ; S. Lamouchi ; M. Latati ; A. Lopez Francos ; R. Moussadek ; L. Pecetti |This article aims to provide a review of major challenges and research needs for the diffusion of conservation agriculture (CA) and the improvement of cropsoilwater conditions in Southern Europe and Northern Africa. A multidisciplinary study a[...]Article
A. Souissi ; N. Mtimet ; L. McCann ; A. Chebil ; C. Thabet |Tunisia, like most countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, has limited renewable water resources and is classified as a water stress country. The effects of climate change are exacerbating the situation. The agricultural sec[...]Article
T. Ben Hassen ; H. El Bilali ; M.S. Allahyari ; I.M. Kamel ; H. Ben Ismail ; H. Debbabi ; K. Sassi |The COVID-19 pandemic-related measures in the Near East and North Africa (NENA) region have resulted in many lifestyle modifications, including changes in diet and food buying patterns among adults. However, the pandemic has impacted women and m[...]Article
The Middle East and North Africa (MENA) represents a substantial area of the terrestrial landmass encompassing several countries and ecosystems. This area is generally drier and warmer compared to the rest of the world, and has extreme resource [...]Chapitre d'ouvrage
M. Devkota ; Y. Singh ; Y.A. Yigezu ; I. Bashour ; R. Mussadek ; R. Mrabet | Oxford [Royaume-Uni] : Elsevier | Advances in Agronomy, ISSN 0065-2113 | 2022Conventional tillage coupled with monocropping and limited recycling of crop residues along with increased pressure from human and livestock population has led to the degradation of the soil, water resources, and the environment in the Middle Ea[...]Ouvrage
W.L. Filho, ed. ; E. Manolas, ed. | Cham [Suisse] : Springer | Climate Change Management, ISSN 1610-2010 | 2022This book serves the purpose of showcasing some of the works in respect of applied research, field projects, and best practice to foster climate change adaptation across the region. Climate change is having a much greater impact in the Mediterr[...]E-Book
J.-P. Colin ; P. Lavigne Delville ; E. Léonard | Marseille [France] : IRD Editions | Objectifs Suds, ISSN 1958-0975 | 2022Dans les pays du Sud, laccès à la terre et à ses ressources, son contrôle et ses usages représentent des questions cruciales. Au cur des défis de la construction de lÉtat, du développement agricole, de la sécurité alimentaire et de la durabil[...]E-Book
M. Behnassi ; M.B. Baig ; M.T. Sraïri ; A.A. Alsheikh ; A.W.A. Abu Risheh | Cham [Suisse] : Springer | 2022The resilience of food systems and security to emerging challenges and threats, especially in the context of environmental and climate risks and global pandemics such as the Covid-19 crisis, is currently gaining growing importance in research, p[...]Ouvrage
N. Abdi ; O. Bessaoud, préf. | Vulaines sur Seine [France] : Editions du Croquant | Sociétés et Politique en Méditerranée | 2022Cet ouvrage est laboutissement de longues années de travail par le chercheur Nourredine Abdi. Après son décès, à linitiative de son épouse, son texte, écrit à des périodes diverses, a été relu et harmonisé. Pour ce livre, on sest efforcé d[...]Article
Z. Ben Khadda ; S. Ezrari ; N. Radouane ; A. Boutagayout ; Z. El Housni ; H. Lahmamsi ; A. Zahri ; T. Sqalli Houssaini ; L. El Ghadraoui ; Y. Elamine ; R.P.F. Guiné |The purpose of the current study is to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected eating behavior and directed toward organic food and bioproducts consumption in the North African region especially Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia as well as[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
O. Boughamoura ; M. Requier-Desjardins ; E. Lemaitre-Curri | Montpellier [France] : CIHEAM-IAMM | 2022Ce rapport est basé sur la collecte et lanalyse de 92 projets dagriculture durable en agriculture intégrée, en agriculture biologique, en agriculture de précision et en agriculture de conservation. Ces projets ont été réalisés dans 5 agrosystè[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
B. Moreno-Dodson ; I. Gasmi ; C. Gourraud ; C. Tsakas | Marseille [France] : Center for Mediterranean Integration | 2022Due to water scarcity and vulnerability to climate change, the Mediterranean region is one of the most prone areas in the world to instability and migration. Climate change adds new complexity to the areas of human mobility and settlement by exa[...]Article
The Maghreb regions (Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia and Libya) are facing increasing water scarcity amplified by inefficient water use and overexploitation of water resources. There is evidence that surface water is diminishing and that g[...]Article
A. Govind ; J. Wery ; B. Dessalegn ; A. Elmahdi ; Z. Bishaw ; V. Nangia ; C. Biradar ; Z.U. Nisa ; K. Abay ; G. Amarnath ; C. Breisinger ; N.A. Ibrahim ; C. Kleinermann ; A.A. Niane ; M. Thijssen |Agriculture and agri-food systems of the highly vulnerable Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region needs a radical transformation under a changing climate. Based on a two-year effort, initially we developed a mega hypothesis on how to achieve[...]Article
S. Merdas ; Y. Kouba ; T. Mostephaoui ; Y. Farhi ; H. Chenchouni |Despite many studies that have explored the effect of livestock grazing on plant communities, the response of species composition and diversity to livestock grazing in arid rangelands remains ambiguous. This study examined the effects of livesto[...]Article
Innovation plays an essential role in addressing the interlinked environmental, social, and economic challenges facing the agri-food sectors in the North Africa region. This systematic review analyses the state of research on innovation in North[...]Article
This article summarized Protracted conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have left tens of millions of people in need of humanitarian and development assistance to have access to water. But the capacity of local water servi[...]Article
Discussion on food sovereignty and agro-ecology, and Anglophone rural sociology have blind spots when it comes to the Middle East/North African (Arab) region. This article explores them; outlines some initial concepts, discusses avenues for rese[...]Article
Les femmes représentent 54 % des employés dans le secteur du tourisme, un taux très supérieur à la moyenne d'autres secteurs, où elles ne représentent que 39 %. Le tourisme peut offrir des opportunités de travail aux femmes, en contribuant à leu[...]Article
Le tourisme est une des activités les plus sévèrement touchées par la pandémie et à présent, les perspectives restent extrêmement incertaines. Dans la région MENA, le secteur du tourisme, pilier économique majeur, représente environ 5 % à 19 % d[...]Article
Migration is inseparable from social and economic transformations and it plays a crucial role in shaping rural livelihoods. In this paper we review the existing evidence on internal and international migration in four countries of the North Afri[...]Article
Article
Digital technologies offer a potential solution to improve sustainabilityeconomic, social, and environmentalof agri-food systems around the globe. While developed countries have led the innovation and adoption of digital agriculture, the poten[...]Article
To secure sustainable food production for meeting the growing global demand for food, it is imperative, while at the same time challenging, to make efficient use of natural resources with minimal impact on the environment. The study objective is[...]Article
A.S. Elrys ; E.-S.M. Desoky ; M.A. Alnaimy ; H. Zhang ; J.-B. Zhang ; Z.-C. Cai ; Y. Cheng |Although nitrogen (N) is a limiting factor for food production (FP) in Africa, and African food security is seriously threatened by the phenomenon of soil N depletion, there is a dearth of information that shows the points to focus on throughout[...]Série
The coronavirus pandemic has upended local, national, and global food systems, and put the Sustainable Development Goals further out of reach. But lessons from the worlds response to the pandemic can help address future shocks and contribute to[...]Ouvrage
M. Abu-Hashim, ed. ; F.K. Allouche, ed. ; A. Negm, ed. | Cham [Suisse] : Springer | Springer Water | 2021This book focuses on the status quo and the latest information on the water-soil-agriculture nexus in the MENA countries. It presents several case studies and applications from e.g. Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt and Jordan, while also sharing[...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Les trois pays du Maghreb, en loccurrence lAlgérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie, sont de plus en plus impactés par le changement climatique. Cette étude sintéresse à létat de ladaptation de leur agriculture et à situer la mise en culture de céré[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
La présente étude fait suite et prolonge un travail conduit par INRAE visant à examiner la « Place des agricultures européennes dans le monde à l'horizon 2050 » (Tibi et al., 2020). Reprenant le dispositif méthodologique de l'étude séminale, ce [...]Article
À partir de la mi-mars 2020, les gouvernements algérien et marocain ont instauré un confinement pour lutter contre la propagation de la pandémie de Covid-19. Cela sest traduit par la fermeture des marchés locaux et des restrictions de mobilité.[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The current report was compiled by the FAO Regional Office for Near East and North Africa (NENA) and is aimed at providing member countries with a source of reliable and timely data on the status of forest resources in the region and supporting [...]Article
A. Attia ; A. Attia ; S. El-Hendawy ; N. Al-Suhaibani ; M.U. Tahir ; M. Mubushar ; M. dos Santos Vianna ; H. Ullah ; E. Mansour ; A. Datta |Crop models may potentially explore alternative ways to improve agroecosystem resilience in arid regions of Middle East and North Africa. Mapping the outputs behavior as a function of the inputs and quantifying the uncertainty contribution of in[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
Winter crops in fair condition in account of occurred unusual weather events throughout the first half of the cereal campaign. Moderate level of concern for the final outlook in central Maghreb regions.Article
La datte détient un statut élevé dans le marché des produits agricoles et est lune des plus importantes productions de rente en particulier des petits agriculteurs. Lanalyse de la chaîne de valeur des dattes revêt une importance de premier deg[...]Article
This study examines the migration intentions of young people in Egypt before and after the 2011 revolution, driven by three sets of factors: (1) individual demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, (2) household characteristics, and (3) com[...]Article
I. Benabdallah ; S. Businaro ; M. Angot ; D. Palermo ; M. Giannelli |The South Mediterranean region is exposed to numerous challenges related to food, climate, resource availability, and social-economic instability. Characterized by a strong demographic growth, the region has seen consumption patterns and food de[...]Article
Les concepts de lentrepreneuriat social féminin et de linnovation font dénormes progrès dans les pays de la région MENA (Moyen-Orient et Afrique du Nord) et suscitent de plus en plus lintérêt des chercheurs de la région. Les entreprises soci[...]Article
This paper presents an analytical framework to identify and understand grassroots water governance practices, which we call 'rooted water collectives' (RWC). RWCs can be multi-scalar organizations that engage in common property resources managem[...]Article
Past approaches to food security in the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) were informed by concerns about food availability. They aimed at domestic self-sufficiency and self-sufficiency by proxy (via farmland investments abroad). T[...]Article
J. Schilling ; E. Hertig ; Y. Tramblay ; J. Scheffran |North Africa is considered a climate change hot spot. Existing studies either focus on the physical aspects of climate change or discuss the social ones. The present article aims to address this divide by assessing and comparing the climate chan[...]Série
The COVID-19 pandemic not only conditions the Mediterranean regions evolution, but also affects all areas of its society, across the board. That's why the Yearbook devotes its Dossier to analysing the perspectives of Euromed relations in times [...]Thèse, Mémoire, Master
Les céréales occupent une place importante en jouant un rôle majeur pour assurer la satisfaction des besoins des différents pays de la Méditerranée, notamment lAlgérie, le Maroc et la Tunisie et pour assurer leur sécurité alimentaire. En recour[...]Ouvrage
K. Stengel ; S. Debbabi Missaoui | Paris [France] : L'Harmattan | Questions Alimentaires et Gastronomiques | 2020Les origines historiques du couscous sont sujettes à de nombreuses interprétations : origine berbère ou africaine, antique ou médiévale. Il existe autant de couscous qu'il y a de styles de vie et de cultures. Le couscous est souvent représenté d[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
This document presents the progress of harvests and planting in the MED-Amin countries based on data collected from the networks focal points and from various sources as appropriate (press releases from the Ministries of Agriculture or their Gr[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The present bulletin is a general outlook on the cereal harvest in the Mediterranean region . It provides early qualitative forecasting of the 2020 cereal campaign, with a particular focus on soft wheat, durum wheat and barley. The second bullet[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The present bulletin is a general outlook on the cereal harvest in the Mediterranean region . It provides early qualitative forecasting of the 2020 harvest on three cereals crops: Soft wheat, durum wheat and barley. The first bulletin provides a[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The present bulletin is a general outlook on the cereal harvest in the Mediterranean region. It provides early qualitative forecasting of the 2020 cereal campaign, with a particular focus on soft wheat, durum wheat and barley. This is the final [...]Ouvrage
Le milieu rural tient une place importante dans les sociétés maghrébines. Il est de plus en plus l'objet d'actions politiques et civiques visant sa domestication, son développement. Sur le plan académique, il a fait l'objet d'études socioanthrop[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
This work serves as the foundation for a full investigation of how stakeholders interact at the organizational and/or managerial level. The report aims to improve understanding of mandates, operational modalities, and the range of activities in [...]Ouvrage
K. Mattas, ed. ; H. Kievit, ed. ; G. Van Dijk, ed. ; G. Baourakis, ed. ; C. Zopounidis, ed. | Dordrecht [Pays-Bas] : Springer | Cooperative Management | 2020Unarguably, preserving the ecosystem, securing sustainability and understanding the dynamics of agro-food chains have all become vital policy objectives with several interlinked dimensions. The main objectives of this book are to draw the attent[...]Article
La coopération économique entre les différentes sous-régions du continent demeure très timide par rapport aux enjeux globaux. Lhéritage colonial et les rivalités intra-maghrébines ont conduit à des politiques économiques restrictives où les éch[...]Article
LUnion européenne a mis en place et finance des jumelages entre administrations de ses États membres et, notamment, des pays méditerranéens. Cet « instrument », parmi dautres mécanismes de coopération, présente loriginalité dentretenir des c[...]Article
M.I. Hussain ; A. Muscolo ; M. Farooq ; W. Ahmad |Land and water are the most basic resources for the food production systems. However, the looming water scarcity is threatening the sustainability of food production systems and is causing the food security challenges. Crop production on margina[...]Article
La principale voie pour les échanges commerciaux entre les deux rives de la Méditerranée est maritime, mettant en évidence le rôle des ports dans la dynamisation économique. Le Corridor multimodal transmaghrébin est l'un des défis majeurs à moye[...]Article
La région MENA accueille et produit une grande partie des migrants dans le monde, tendance qui se persistera face aux changements géopolitiques, démographiques et climatiques.Article
C. Ducruet ; R. Carruthers ; J.-F Arvis ; V. Vesin ; P.W. de Langen |Bien que les ports africains soient les plus proches des principales routes de transport, la plupart des ports de transbordement se trouvent en Europe, sauf notamment Tanger Med et Port Saïd Est. Ainsi donc, il existe des possibilités importante[...]Article
The Near East North Africa (NENA) region is exposed to a series of interconnected challenges that impede agriculture and therefore food security and poverty reduction. The economic growth rate in the NENA region has stagnated at two percent per [...]Ouvrage
Surpris par l'irruption des « révoltes arabes », les régimes autoritaires d'Afrique du Nord ont, pour la plupart, fait preuve dune certaine robustesse. Pour combien de temps encore ? Fin connaisseur de la région, Luis Martinez fait le point sur[...]Série
Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
P. Pommier ; K. Robin, coord. ; M. Allani, coord. | Paris [France] : IPEMed | Études & Analyses | 2019Cette étude, réalisée entre mars et avril 2014, tente de donner une représentation du phénomène de clusterisation de léconomie dans les trois pays du Maghreb. Au cours des deux dernières décennies, lintérêt pour les clusters sest affirmé tant[...]Chapitre d'ouvrage
O. Bessaoud ; A. Sadiddin | Paris [France] : Presses de Sciences Po | Mediterra, ISSN 1960-8527 | 2019Les migrations en Méditerranée ont connu au cours de cette dernière décennie une mutation rapide, quil sagisse de leurs flux (plus massifs), de leurs formes (migrations clandestines), des profils des migrants (hommes, femmes, enfants), des des[...]Ouvrage
Avec une population proche de celle de lEurope, le monde arabe rassemble certains des États les plus riches et les plus pauvres de la planète. La couverture médiatique de cette région est dominée par les conflits et les crises internes au sein [...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
E-Book
Food Insecurity and Revolution in the Middle East and North Africa studies the political economy of agrarian transformation in the eponymous regions. Examining Egypt and Tunisia in detail as case studies, it critiques the dominant tropes of food[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
Les pays du réseau MED-Amin ont participé pour la troisième année consécutive à un exercice de prévision de récolte pour les cultures céréalières (blé tendre, blé dur et orge) qui a consisté à confronter des indicateurs agro-météorologiques dob[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
This bulletin reflects the progress of harvests and planting in the MED-Amin countries based on data collected from the networks focal points and from various sources as appropriate (press releases from the Ministries of Agriculture or their Gr[...]Rapport, Expertise, Working Paper
The MED-Amin network countries participated for the third consecutive year in a crop forecasting exercise for cereal crops (soft wheat, durum wheat and barley) which consisted in comparing agrometeorological indicators of terrestrial observation[...]